Which mechanisms are thought to contribute to thalidomide's immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic effects?

Thalidomide's immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and potential anti-neoplastic effects may involve suppression of excessive tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production, down-modulation of selected cell surface adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte migration, and anti-angiogenic activity.