Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis — RACP Paediatrics MCQ

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ModerateRheumatologyJuvenile Idiopathic ArthritisRACP Paediatrics

A 3-year-old girl presents with a 6-week history of an intermittently swollen right knee. She has no systemic features and is otherwise well. Inflammatory markers are mildly elevated. ANA is positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?

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Correct answer: D — Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)

Oligoarticular JIA is the most common subtype of JIA, affecting ≤4 joints in the first 6 months. It typically presents in young girls with an asymmetrical large joint arthritis (knee most common), positive ANA, and is associated with a high risk of chronic anterior uveitis. Regular slit-lamp screening is essential. ANA positivity increases uveitis risk.

Reference: RCH Melbourne – 2024 – Clinical Practice Guidelines: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis