Aplastic Crisis in Sickle Cell Disease — RACP Paediatrics MCQ

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ModerateHaematology & OncologyAplastic Crisis in Sickle Cell DiseaseRACP Paediatrics

A 6-year-old African boy presents with severe bone pain, fever, and pallor during a febrile illness. Haemoglobin is 42 g/L (baseline 70 g/L). Reticulocyte count is <1%. Parvovirus B19 IgM is positive. What is the most likely complication?

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Correct answer: B — Aplastic crisis

Parvovirus B19 causes transient red cell aplasia by infecting erythroid precursors. In children with chronic haemolytic anaemias (sickle cell disease, thalassaemia, spherocytosis), this leads to an aplastic crisis with severe anaemia and absent reticulocytes. Treatment is supportive with red cell transfusion. Recovery typically occurs within 7–10 days.

Reference: RCH Melbourne – 2024 – Clinical Practice Guidelines: Sickle Cell Disease