What are the common complications associated with pacemaker and ICD implantation that I should be aware of?

Common complications associated with pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation include lead-related issues such as lead dislodgement, fracture, or insulation failure, which can impair device function and require re-intervention. Vascular complications like haematoma, pneumothorax, or venous thrombosis may occur during or after implantation. Infection at the device pocket site or systemic infection is a significant concern, potentially necessitating device removal. Other complications include cardiac perforation, which can lead to pericardial effusion or tamponade, and device malfunction due to electromagnetic interference or hardware failure. Long-term management challenges also involve lead extraction risks and the need for device replacement due to battery depletion or technological upgrades. Awareness of these complications is essential for timely recognition and management to optimise patient outcomes ¹ (Borek and Wilkoff, 2008).