How do I interpret semen analysis results, and what are the key parameters to assess?

Guideline-aligned answer with reasoning, red flags and references. Clinically reviewed by Dr Kola Tytler MBBS CertHE MBA MRCGP.

Posted: 22 August 2025Updated: 22 August 2025 Guideline-Aligned (High Confidence) Clinically Reviewed
Dr Kola Tytler MBBS CertHE MBA MRCGPClinical Lead • iatroX

To interpret semen analysis results, assess the following key parameters against World Health Organization reference values:

  • Semen volume: 1.5 ml or more.
  • Sperm concentration: 15 million spermatozoa per ml or more.
  • Total sperm number: 39 million spermatozoa per ejaculate or more.
  • Total motility: 40% or more motile spermatozoa, or 32% or more with progressive motility.
  • Vitality: 58% or more live spermatozoa.
  • Sperm morphology: 4% or more normal forms.

If the first semen analysis is abnormal, a repeat confirmatory test should be offered ideally 3 months later to allow for a full spermatogenesis cycle, unless there is a gross deficiency such as azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia, in which case repeat testing should be done sooner.

Screening for antisperm antibodies is not recommended as there is no evidence that treatment improves fertility outcomes.

Educational content only. Always verify information and use clinical judgement.