What are the common complications associated with corneal transplantation that I should monitor for in follow-up care?

Common complications following corneal transplantation that require monitoring during follow-up care include graft rejection, infection, elevated intraocular pressure (glaucoma), and graft failure. Graft rejection is a critical complication characterized by immune-mediated inflammation that can lead to graft opacity and vision loss if not promptly treated. Infection risk is heightened postoperatively due to the surgical intervention and immunosuppressive therapy, necessitating vigilance for signs of endophthalmitis or keratitis. Elevated intraocular pressure can occur due to steroid use or surgical changes, potentially causing optic nerve damage. Graft failure, either primary or secondary, manifests as persistent corneal edema and loss of transparency, often requiring repeat transplantation. Additionally, complications such as cataract formation and suture-related problems may arise, especially in pediatric patients or those with complex ocular histories. Regular follow-up should include assessment of visual acuity, slit-lamp examination for signs of rejection or infection, intraocular pressure measurement, and patient education on symptoms warranting urgent review. Early detection and management of these complications are essential to optimize graft survival and visual outcomes NICE NG77 Trief et al. 2017.