What are the common causes of balanitis that I should consider in a primary care setting?

In a primary care setting, common causes of balanitis that should be considered include:

• Non-specific dermatitis ¹.
• Irritant or allergic contact dermatitis, which can be triggered by substances like soap, bubble bath, latex condoms, lubricants, or creams ¹.
• Candidal balanitis ¹.
• Bacterial balanitis, encompassing mild infections, severe infections (e.g., Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus), recurrent streptococcal infections, and anaerobic (Gardnerella) balanitis ¹.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) ¹.
• Other dermatological conditions such as seborrhoeic dermatitis or genital psoriasis ¹.
• Less common but important considerations include Zoon's balanitis and lichen sclerosus, which may require specialist referral for diagnosis ¹.
• Underlying systemic conditions, such as diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) or HIV infection, should be considered if balanitis is severe, persistent, or recurrent, particularly if candida infection is present ¹.