What are the common causes of balanitis that I should consider in a primary care setting?

Guideline-aligned answer with reasoning, red flags and references. Clinically reviewed by Dr Kola Tytler MBBS CertHE MBA MRCGP.

Posted: 17 August 2025Updated: 17 August 2025 Guideline-Aligned (High Confidence) Clinically Reviewed
Dr Kola Tytler MBBS CertHE MBA MRCGPClinical Lead • iatroX

In a primary care setting, common causes of balanitis that should be considered include:

  • Non-specific dermatitis .
  • Irritant or allergic contact dermatitis, which can be triggered by substances like soap, bubble bath, latex condoms, lubricants, or creams .
  • Candidal balanitis .
  • Bacterial balanitis, encompassing mild infections, severe infections (e.g., Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus), recurrent streptococcal infections, and anaerobic (Gardnerella) balanitis .
  • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) .
  • Other dermatological conditions such as seborrhoeic dermatitis or genital psoriasis .
  • Less common but important considerations include Zoon's balanitis and lichen sclerosus, which may require specialist referral for diagnosis .
  • Underlying systemic conditions, such as diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) or HIV infection, should be considered if balanitis is severe, persistent, or recurrent, particularly if candida infection is present .

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