How can I effectively communicate genetic risk factors to patients and their families?

Effective communication of genetic risk factors to patients and their families requires a clear, empathetic, and tailored approach that supports informed decision-making and shared understanding. Begin by taking a detailed family history to identify potential genetic risks, including ethnic background and consanguinity, as these influence risk profiles ¹. Use jargon-free language and present risk information both numerically and qualitatively to enhance comprehension, acknowledging uncertainties inherent in risk estimates ². Provide patients with written summaries of consultations and personal risk information to reinforce understanding and facilitate family discussions ².

Offer genetic counselling by healthcare professionals trained in genetics to discuss the implications of genetic testing, including the meaning of positive, negative, or uncertain results, and the potential impact on the individual and relatives ²,³. Tailor the mode of counselling (face-to-face, remote, group sessions) to patient preferences and accessibility needs, and consider using decision aids to support shared decision-making ³.

Encourage patients to involve family members in consultations where appropriate, as family communication is crucial for disseminating genetic risk information, though it can be challenging and may require support ⁴[(Wilson et al., 2004)]. Provide information on sources of support, including local and national organisations, to assist patients and families in coping with genetic risk ²,⁴.

When discussing risk, emphasise modifiable lifestyle factors and preventive options, such as surveillance or risk-reducing treatments, to empower patients ⁴. Recognise that patients’ values, preferences, and attitudes towards risk vary widely, and explore these during discussions to personalise advice ⁵. Finally, advise patients to update their healthcare provider if family history changes or new symptoms develop, ensuring ongoing risk assessment and management ¹,⁴.