mrcgp akt MCQ (SBA): Analgesia in CKD

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A 60-year-old man with chronic kidney disease stage 4 (eGFR 25 ml/min/1.73m$^2$) requires analgesia for moderate osteoarthritis pain unresponsive to paracetamol. Which opioid analgesic should generally be avoided or used with extreme caution in this patient according to the BNF?

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mrcgp akt MCQ: Analgesia in CKD — Answer & Explanation | iatroX